AP® Biology Exam Format
All You Need To Know
The AP® Biology exam is one of the most popular AP exams, with thousands of students attempting it every year. If you've opted for AP Bio and are gearing up to start reviewing for the exam, getting familiar with the AP Biology exam format is a good idea. Doing this can help you design an efficient and thorough study plan to get you closer to your goal. In this article, we'll break down the exam format and share some free sample questions to help you become familiar with the question styles you will see!
What Is the Format of the AP Biology Exam?
Let's start with the basics of the AP Biology exam. It's a reasonably long one, meaning that it lasts a total of three hours. The exam consists of two main sections: multiple-choice and free-response.
| Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) | Section II: Free-Response Questions (FRQs) |
|---|---|
| 1 hour and 30 minutes | 1 hour and 30 minutes |
| 60 questions | 2 long questions worth 8-10 points each and 4 short questions worth 4 points each |
| 4 answer choices to select from | Points are awarded for meeting specific scoring criteria |
| 1 point for each question | 50% of the total score |
| No points are deducted for incorrect answers | |
| Includes individual questions as well as sets of questions with 4-5 questions per set | |
| 50% of the total score |
In Section I, you'll be given a mix of individual questions and questions in sets of four or five. Question sets draw upon information provided in a short passage, typically containing items such as graphs, tables, or diagrams in addition to text. Given the time you'll have for Section I (90 minutes), it would be ideal to read and answer each question in about one minute on average. This way, you'll have a little spare time to review your answers and pick up any you might have missed. Remember, there is no penalty for wrong answers, so take a shot at each question, even if you are unsure.
“Over the years, AP Biology students have had their ups and downs. In 2021, the passing rate was 59.2%, showing how tough the exam can be, but also how determined students are. Then in 2022, things looked up as the passing rate went up to 67.9%, a good step forward. But in 2023, it settled back to 64.4%, showing that success can vary.”
Section II includes both long free-response questions and short free-response questions. The long questions are worth 8 to 10 points each, while the short questions are worth 4 points each. This section also lasts for a total of 90 minutes. Before you begin writing your answers, reading through all the questions and deciding which ones to tackle first based on how equipped you feel to answer each one is very helpful. You must keep track of the time and pace yourself to finish all the questions. Plan on spending about 20 minutes on each of the long questions and about 10 minutes on each of the short questions. However, manage your time so that you have some time left at the end to review your answers overall.
Now that you have a basic idea of the AP Biology exam format, let's closely examine each section.
Types of Questions on the AP Biology Exam
As mentioned earlier, the AP Biology exam format has two main types of questions1 — multiple-choice and free-response. These questions will test your knowledge of content from each of the four big ideas and your skills in science practices, but just knowing that may not be enough to set you up for a high score. Understanding each of these question types and how to answer them is essential. We'll walk you through every kind of question and tell you everything you need to know about the structure of the questions.
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ)
The multiple-choice questions can be standalone or in sets of four or five questions pertaining to a particular passage, typically containing figures (graphs/tables/diagrams) and text. Each multiple-choice question will have four answer choices.
As you may already know, the AP Biology course has eight units. The multiple-choice questions are on these eight units, so it's helpful to know how much of each unit is covered on the exam so you can focus your efforts accordingly.
| Unit | Weightage in MCQ Section |
|---|---|
| Chemistry of Life | 8–11% |
| Cell Structure and Function | 10–13% |
| Cellular Energetics | 12–16% |
| Cell Communications and Cell Cycle | 10–15% |
| Heredity | 8–11% |
| Gene Expression and Regulation | 12–16% |
| Natural Selection | 13–20% |
| Ecology | 10–15% |
In addition to testing your knowledge of these eight units, the questions in this section assess your science practice skills. There are six science practices that you will learn throughout the course. Let's look at how these practices align with the multiple-choice questions.
| Science Practice | Weighting |
|---|---|
| Concept Explanation | 25–33% |
| Visual Representations | 16–24% |
| Questions & Methods | 8–14% |
| Representing & Describing Data | 8–14% |
| Statistical Tests Data Analysis | 8–14% |
| Argumentation | 20–26% |
You can read our article on how to approach AP Biology multiple-choice questions to help you ace this section. It includes examples with step-by-step instructions on how to answer each question.
Now that you know everything about the structure of questions in Section I of the AP Biology exam, it's time to look at Section II.
Free-Response Questions (FRQs)
Free-response questions require paragraph-form answers. Unlike the multiple-choice section of the exam, which is computer-graded, this section is graded manually by AP instructors and college teachers called AP Readers. They review and score each free-response answer individually using specific scoring criteria for each question.
There are two kinds of free-response questions — long-answer and short-answer. The long-answer questions are worth 8 to 10 points each, while the short-answer questions are worth 4 points each.
Wondering how each of these questions will be structured on the exam? Let’s take a look!
These questions typically cover data representation in the form of tables and graphs. Each question includes four sub questions designed to test a particular scientific practice.
Free-response question 1 – Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results
The goal of this question is to evaluate your ability to interpret the data presented related to a particular scientific investigation scenario.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Describe and explain processes, models, or concepts | 1 to 2 |
| Part B | Identity and justify the experimental procedures used | 3 to 4 |
| Part C | Data analysis | 1 to 3 |
| Part D | Make predictions based on the given data and provide justifications with evidence | 2 to 4 |
Free-response question 2 – Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing.
The goal of this question is to evaluate your ability to interpret the data presented as a graph and/or table which is related to a particular scientific investigation scenario.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Describe and explain processes, models, or concepts | 1 to 2 |
| Part B | Use confidence intervals or error bars and construct a graph or chart | 4 |
| Part C | Data analysis | 1 to 3 |
| Part D | Make predictions and provide justifications with evidence | 1 to 3 |
Each of the four short-answer questions pertains to a different one of the four big ideas and tests your knowledge of content from one of the eight instructional units.
Free-response question 3 – Scientific Investigation
The focus of this question is a lab investigation requiring you to demonstrate understanding of four skills.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Describe processes or concepts | 1 |
| Part B | Identify the procedures used in the investigation | 1 |
| Part C | Make predictions of experimental results | 1 |
| Part D | Justify the predictions you made | 1 |
Free-response question 4 – Conceptual Analysis
This four-part question includes a description of a particular biological phenomenon that is subject to disruption.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Describe processes or concepts | 1 |
| Part B | Explain processes or concepts | 1 |
| Part C | Predict the cause or effect of a specific change in a particular biological system | 1 |
| Part D | Use evidence to justify the prediction made | 1 |
Free-response question 5 – Analyze Model or Visual Representation
This question concentrates on a biological scenario along with a visual representation or model to study.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Characterize the concepts, processes, or models that are visually represented in the question | 1 |
| Part B | Explain relationships between these characteristics | 1 |
| Part C | Represent these relationships in a biological model | 1 |
| Part D | Explain how the visually represented concept or process aligns with larger biological theories and principles | 1 |
Free-response question 6 – Analyze Data
Showcase your understanding of a set of data represented visually in a graph or table.
| To do | Points | |
|---|---|---|
| Part A | Data description | 1 |
| Part B | Data description | 1 |
| Part C | Evaluate a hypothesis or prediction using the data provided | 1 |
| Part D | Explain how the results of the experiment align with larger biological theories and principles | 1 |
Did you recognize how these questions highlight a particular science practice? Here's a table that shows each science practice and which questions align with them.
| Science Practice | Free-Response Question |
|---|---|
| Concept Explanation | Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 |
| Visual Representation | Question 5 |
| Questions and Methods | Questions 1 & 3 |
| Representing and Describing Data | Questions 1, 2 & 6 |
| Statistical Tests and Data Analysis | Questions 1, 2 & 6 |
| Argumentation | Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 & 6 |
You can read our article on how to approach free-response AP Biology questions to help you ace this section. The article also includes examples with step-by-step instructions on how to answer each question.
Now that you know the structure of each type of question on the AP Biology Exam, you can plan out your study method and your time for the exam itself. Remember, you don’t lose points for getting multiple-choice questions wrong, so be sure to make a guess even for questions of which you are unsure. As for the free-response questions, you need to positively demonstrate your understanding of the content to the AP Reader. However, be conscious of the time needed to write down each of your answers, so you do not end up running out of time or racing to complete answers during the exam.
AP Biology Exam—Paper or Digital Format?
Currently, the AP Biology exam is only administered on paper. The College Board2 will continue to monitor local and global needs as they evaluate whether to offer both digital and paper exams.
Understanding the exam format is the first step to doing well. So, now that you know what the exam format is and what to expect from each section, you can chalk out an efficient and effective study plan. Keep in mind the number of questions and the time you will have for each section, and budget enough time to review your answers.
References
1(2024). AP Biology. Courses & Exam Pages. AP Central Retrieved February 07, 2024 from https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-biology/assessment
2(2024). Key Facts About 2024 Digital AP Exams. AP Central. Retrieved February 07, 2024 from https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/exam-administration-ordering-scores/digital-ap-exams/key-facts#:~:text=About%20Digital%20AP%20Exams,-Digital%20exams%20are&text=As%20on%20the%20paper%20exam,other%20applications%20used%20in%20schools.