ACT® Science Formula and Equation Sheet

Key Formulas and Equations

Science is like a puzzle. At its core lies the essential formulas and equations that unlock its mysteries. Whether it’s the motion of objects in physics, the reactions of chemicals in chemistry, or the intricate processes of life in biology, a solid grasp of these ACT science formulas is essential. Below are some fundamental ACT science formulas that you can effectively apply to ACT Science questions.

Physics Formulas and Equations

Key physics formulas that you should understand how to apply:

• Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)
• Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage equals current times resistance)
• Kinematic Equations¹
  • v_f = v_i + at (Final velocity equals initial velocity plus acceleration multiplied by time)
  • d = v_it +
    12
    at² (Displacement equals initial velocity multiplied by time plus half the acceleration multiplied by the square of time)
  • v_f² = v_i² + 2ad (Final velocity squared equals initial velocity squared plus twice the acceleration multiplied by displacement)
• W = ΔKE (Work equals the change in kinetic energy)
• F_g =
  G m1.m2r²
  (Force of gravity equals the gravitational constant multiplied by the product of the masses divided by the square of the distance between them)
• p = mv (Momentum equals mass times velocity)
• D =
  mv
  (Density is mass per unit volume of a substance)
• m =
  y₂ - y₁x₂ - x₁
  (Slope formula)

Strategies² to tackle physics questions on the ACT Science exam:

• Understanding Units: Ensure your calculations are consistent by paying close attention to the units of each measurement.
• Interpreting Graphs: Focus on understanding relationships between variables depicted in graphs.
• Identifying Variables: Identify independent and dependent variables in experimental setups or data tables.
• Applying Formulas: Familiarize yourself with key physics formulas and practice applying them efficiently.
• Estimation and Approximation: Develop the ability to estimate values to quickly eliminate incorrect answer choices.
• Eliminating Answer Choices: Use the process of elimination to narrow down possible answers.
• Skipping Difficult Questions: Temporarily skip challenging questions and return to them later if time allows.
• Practice with Timed Tests: Improve your speed and efficiency by practicing under timed conditions.

Biology Concepts/Principles

Essential biology topics that you should comprehend to tackle biology questions on the ACT Science exam:

• Taxonomic Classification⁵: Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
• Microorganisms: Know parts of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms such as ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.
• Human Anatomy: Skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive systems.
• Genetics: RNA, DNA, chromosomes, genetic disorders, dominant traits, recessive traits, genotype, phenotype. (The key genetic term to know is "allele.").
• Photosynthesis and Respiration: Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration. 
• Mitosis and Meiosis: Cellular division phases.
• Greenhouse Effect: Effect of gases like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, CFCs, etc., on the atmosphere.

Strategies for success on ACT biology questions:

• Focus on Understanding Biological Concepts: Build a strong foundation in fundamental biological concepts such as cellular structure and function, genetics, ecology, evolution, and more. 
• Understand Biological Terminology: Learn and review common biological terms and vocabulary.
• Practice Passage Analysis: Practice reading and analyzing biology passages efficiently. Pay attention to key details, main ideas, and supporting evidence presented in the passages.
• Master Process of Elimination: Utilize the process of elimination to narrow down answer choices.

Natural selection, a key force in evolution, favors traits that enhance survival and reproduction. These advantageous traits, such as the ability to run fast in rabbits or efficient photosynthesis in algae, become more common over generations. A classic example is the peppered moth6 during the Industrial Revolution. As trees darkened with soot, darker-colored moths were better at evading predators and thus became more prevalent. Over time, these dark-colored moths came to dominate the population. This phenomenon, driven by environmental pressures, illustrates how nature selects the most successful individuals, shaping species evolution.

Advantages of Using the ACT Science Formula and Equation Sheet

Compiling and studying with this handy resource can help you easily navigate the ACT Science section, boosting your scores.

Facilitates Time Management

• Using the ACT Science formula and equation sheet in practice tests simplifies problem-solving and saves you time when you’re taking the exam.
• Utilizing the formula and equation sheet as a study aid reinforces key concepts, making study sessions more effective.
• Reviewing the sheet before the exam reduces anxiety and boosts preparedness, helping you feel confident on test day.

Prevents Student Mistakes

The formula sheet is a diagnostic tool to help you identify areas for improvement. Especially when used alongside an ACT assessment test, it can help you analyze your performance more effectively. It can pinpoint specific concepts that require additional practice, allowing you to tailor your study strategies and minimize errors on exam day.

Consistent practice and strategic review can solidify your grasp of key science formulas. With the right tools and preparation, you’ll build the confidence to tackle any question that comes your way. Start now with a free ACT practice test to put your formula knowledge to the test and boost your score.