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Passage:
August 22, 1903
1. "The High Tide of Immigration" – Judge Magazine, 1903
Question
Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to oppose the ideas in the cartoon?
| A. Middle-class reformers | |
| B. Labor union members | |
| C. Rural farmers | |
| D. Social Darwinists |
Explanation
Not all Americans saw the "New Immigrants" as threats to the nation's values and government. Some Americans viewed them as important components of American society. At the turn of the 20th century, a reform impulse in the US—spearheaded by middle-class reformers known as Progressives—attempted to solve the problems of industrialization that the New Immigrants often faced.
Many of these middle-class reformers rejected the idea of immigration restrictions and assisted impoverished immigrants through practical means, such as teaching literacy, providing child care for working immigrant mothers, promoting health care, and improving sanitation in immigrant neighborhoods.
Among other social ills caused by the Second Industrial Revolution, poverty hit immigrants—concentrated mainly in urban areas—especially hard. Partially in response to the living conditions of southern and eastern European immigrants, one Progressive effort created a nationwide settlement house movement to alleviate the terrible effects of poverty.
(Choices B & C) Union members and rural farmers generally supported immigration restrictions, believing that immigrants threatened both their jobs and traditional social values.
(Choice D) Rather than support immigration from southern and eastern Europe, Social Darwinists supported immigration restrictions. Social Darwinists believed these immigrants were a drain on society and should be kept out of the US.
Things to remember:
Despite strong resistance to the increase in immigration from southern and eastern Europe, many middle-class reformers, known as Progressives, attempted to improve immigrants' living conditions and opposed government restrictions on immigration.
Passage:
1. Wiki commons
Question
The concerns expressed in the image contributed most directly to
| A. the growth of the middle class | |
| B. restrictions on immigration | |
| C. federal legislation to promote laissez-faire policies | |
| D. participation in national labor unions |
Explanation
The concerns expressed in the image reflect the grip that wealthy industrialists had on the American economy and on workers. Without government standards for minimum wages and fair treatment, American capitalists paid their employees as little as possible. In hard economic times, business owners fired laborers and lowered wages to protect their companies' profits. In response, workers turned to participation in national unions for protection.
National labor unions were open to workers across different industries. Workers banded together to negotiate with employers for higher wages and better working conditions. This power-in-numbers approach, called collective bargaining, meant workers across America could strike (refuse to work) until business leaders met their demands. In the Gilded Age, organized labor (unions) offered the strongest protection for the worker.
(Choice A) The middle class grew during the late 19th century, but the concerns expressed in the image deal with workers and capitalists.
(Choice B) At times, immigrants were seen as a threat to American workers because they fulfilled a demand for unskilled labor, which kept wages low. However, the concern of the image is not immigrants, but wealthy industrialists.
(Choice C) Supporters of laissez-faire would have not sympathized with the concerns expressed in the image. Rather, wealthy industrialists worked to ensure that the government didn't place regulation of any kind on their businesses.
Things to remember:
During the Gilded Age, national unions were a rare protection for workers. Workers from different industries across the country united to collectively bargain for reform and higher wages.
Passage:
1. United States Census Bureau
Question
The pattern depicted in the graph in the mid-nineteenth century most directly resulted in
| A. passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts | |
| B. a federal ban on immigration from Asia | |
| C. a more inclusive system of public welfare | |
| D. the growth of ethnically diverse cities in the Northeast |
Explanation
The influx of immigrants during the mid-19th century resulted in ethnically diverse cities. Large cities became crowded with immigrants and bustling with street life. Each ethnicity established neighborhoods, which provided a sense of community and helped ease the transition for newcomers. Immigrants brought their own customs, religions, foods, and languages.
As immigrants poured into the United States, many found low-paying wage jobs in large, industrialized cities of the Northeast. Despite the low pay, wage labor allowed families fleeing starvation conditions in their home countries to quickly acquire food and shelter in the United States. Immigrant neighborhoods were typically very poor, and the struggles of immigrants were often ignored by wealthier American city dwellers.
(Choice A) The Alien and Sedition Acts were an 18th century Federalist design to deny Thomas Jefferson the political support of those not born on U.S. soil, and weren't a result of the trend in the graph.
(Choice B) In the mid-19th century, Asians were a small percentage of immigrants. By the 1880s, however, nativist backlash against Asian immigrants targeted Chinese laborers.
(Choice C) Public welfare (economic assistance given by government) was extremely rare until the early 20th century, and the expansion of public welfare was not a direct result of the immigration trend seen in the graph.
Things to remember:
Immigrants crowded urban areas of the Northeast during the nineteenth century. The result was ethnically diverse cities.
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